Multi-Chemistry Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles
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Abstract
Electric vehicle technology is increasing its market share through its sound development. Battery
management systems (BMS) also play an essential role in this technology regarding efficiency, safety, and
meeting the end user’s expectations. In this study, a simulation study of a multi-chemistry BMS capable
of real-time switching has been carried out so that the system can operate more efficiently. The proposed
system aims to increase efficiency and performance using two batteries with different characteristics. The
primary battery chemistry used is lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries, which can provide higher
instantaneous power in times of high power demand. The second battery chemistry is lithium iron
phosphate (LFP) batteries, which have higher endurance due to their high energy density. Each battery has
six modules and provides a total voltage of 450 volts. The WLTP Class 3 driving cycle was used as the
vehicle’s speed reference in the simulation, considering its power/weight ratio. The battery control signal
required for switching between batteries is produced according to the instantaneous power requirement of
the vehicle. For this, the acceleration value is calculated, and the transition from one battery to the other is
determined accordingly. If the acceleration is above the threshold value of 0.75, the LTO battery is
connected. In the other case, the LFP battery is connected. Contactors are used to provide switching between
batteries but not IGBTs. Consequently, contactors can be used as switching elements with a transition
window of 3 seconds. This technic is less costly than designing such a system with fast-switching circuit
elements like IGBT. In addition, the multi-battery mechanism consisting of LTO and LFP chemistries
showed better performance than a battery pack with only LFP chemistry with the same specs. In other
words, multi-chemistry BMS provides a significant performance and efficiency increase.
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